FREEDOM

An authoritative history of changing Western ideas of freedom.

In this sweeping narrative, which covers more than two millennia, Utrecht University historian de Dijn advances two central arguments, each persuasive and clearly backed by impressive scholarship. The first is that the original Western understanding of freedom, born with the Greeks, was what we call popular government, or rule by the people. Yet gradually and more decisively, since the American and French revolutions, freedom has come to be seen as the condition of being left alone by government, a condition embodying another, distinct kind of liberty: inner freedom and freedom of conscience. The author’s second argument, the freshest and likely to be the most influential, is that this shift—a “dramatic rupture” and “backlash”—owes itself not to liberal thinkers but rather to conservative, counterrevolutionary opponents of democracy who feared government in the people’s hands. Nevertheless, within the context of the Cold War, this ideal of freedom, originating with the anti-revolutionary right, “ultimately came to be reimagined as the key value of Western civilization.” Yet because of the expansion of political and other rights to women, workers, and minorities, what’s today taken to be the “liberal understanding of freedom”—freedom from government—can actually be seen in many quarters as “a thinly veiled defense of elite interests rather than an appealing political idea,” as it was in earlier times. A narrative exposition rather than a critique of others’ interpretations, the book is unusually easygoing for a scholarly work on an elusive subject. The author’s main strength is her clarifying directness. Analytical rather than argumentative, she shows how in our time, political freedom—“freedom for,” that is, control by the people—has given way to private freedom—“freedom from,” a moral ideal with antidemocratic implications. Thus endures the tension between collective and individual freedoms.

A brilliantly crafted, compelling, and deeply relevant history for our times.