THE EAGLE AND THE HART

In a psychological portrait of two medieval kings, a British historian revisits a tragedy familiar from Shakespeare.

The political crisis culminating in the deposition of Richard II in 1399 by his cousin, Henry of Bolingbroke, ignited the issue of sovereign legitimacy between the houses of York and Lancaster for the next 85 years. In her probing work in four parts, with chapters titled after lines from the Shakespeare plays, Castor delves into the upbringing and character of these two very different men: Richard, the effete “spare,” becomes king at age 10 after the successive deaths of his older brother, father (the celebrated Black Prince), and grandfather Edward III in 1377, and his swashbuckling cousin Henry, son of the ambitious, influential John of Gaunt. It is a time of constant tension and war between England and France, as well as internal rebellions, and Richard’s incessant need of money creates tensions with the Commons in Parliament. Richard’s ennobling of his favorites and increasingly imperious tone prompt the actions of the so-called Lords Appellant, including Henry. The author adds a “Directory of the Main Players” at the end as many have different names from those in Shakespeare’s plays. Richard’s calculated revenge on these men eight years later and Henry’s ultimate challenge to Richard’s authority mark what Castor calls “a moment of political masculinity in crisis.” Castor follows Henry IV through his brief “white-knuckled” reign and emphasizes that the era’s “themes of power, legitimacy, and the limits of rule and resistance are as urgent now as they have ever been.”

Astute, multilayered drama offers valuable insights into a fraught era.