WHAT IS AMERICAN LITERATURE?

A self-described “compulsive reader” assesses America through its books.

Mexican-American cultural critic Stavans ranges widely through fiction, poetry, and essays to offer a thoughtful meditation on the meaning and use of literature in America. How, he asks, has literature reflected and shaped American culture? In the wake of “the havoc” wreaked by the Trump era, he attends particularly to the connection of literature to democracy, asserting that literature “is about the lab where democracy gets tested.” In four chapters, whose “organizing logic,” Stavans admits, is “based on stream of consciousness,” as well as in long, digressive footnotes, he considers myriad topics, including America’s identity as a nation without a past, where the future is open to possibility; the meaning of the “American Dream”; belief in American exceptionalism; traditions of protest; the evolution of American English; and enduring tensions over race, religion, and ideology. Much literature celebrates individualism and defiance, he notes: “The whole country sees itself as made of insurgents, protestors, and mavericks: rebels with a cause.” Just as individuals strive for reinvention—“everyone is on a journey since America itself is a journey”—for the nation as a whole, “the past is being constantly reimagined,” and so is language. Unlike some European countries with academies that monitor usage, American English is in a state of “constant flux,” abetted by the widespread use of technology. While Stavans notes that the nation “thrives in being fervently anti-intellectual,” he himself is a fan of popular genres, such as detective fiction, and he sees “the profusion of genres” as “a sign of health.” Significantly, American literature has erased “the artificial division” between so-called high- and low-brow culture. In a speculative epilogue, Stavans imagines the “sublime” works that could arise after a second civil war. Literature, he writes optimistically, will transform “ashes to gold.”

A learned yet meandering search for the nation’s soul through literature.