TO SAVE THE MAN

A portrait of anti–Native American racism in education and on the battlefield.

The latest historical novel by author-director Sayles takes its title from a statement by Richard Henry Pratt, an Army captain who in 1879 founded the Carlisle School to force Native Americans to assimilate: “To save the man, we must kill the Indian!” Set across four months in 1890, the novel closely follows Pratt, Carlisle teachers, and about a half-dozen students forced to attend. Among them are Antoine, a half-Ojibwe boy who’s compelled to memorize Longfellow’s “Song of Hiawatha”; Trouble, a Sioux whose desperation moves him to attempt an escape; and Asa, a Papago assigned to sweatshop labor making shoes. Such degradations, from Pratt’s perspective, were progressive compared to the forces calling for the extermination of Native Americans. But his sanctimony blinds him to the Natives’ despair. The crisis at Carlisle is timed around the December massacre at Wounded Knee, which occurred after a U.S. soldier killed the Lakota chief Sitting Bull; one of Pratt’s lieutenants arrives to witness the fighting. Sayles, who has no Native background, is careful not to reduce his characters to types or be melodramatically damning of the Carlisle. But it’s clear that the idea of compelling various tribes—each with their own languages and folkways—to convert to white folkways was cruel, both emotionally and physically. (Students are detained, attempt suicide, and die for lack of immunity from diseases.) The Wounded Knee sections are imperfectly woven around the Carlisle sections, as if the book were separate novels. But in both plotlines, a racist urge to harm obtains. Pratt proclaims: “Our mission at the Carlisle School is to baptize the Indian youth in the waters of civilization—and to hold him under until he is thoroughly soaked!” (Or drowned.)

A well-researched study of state-sanctioned bigotry.