OPERATION PEDESTAL

Veteran military historian Hastings’ first full-length narrative of war at sea measures up to his usual high standards.

The author reminds readers that summer 1942 marked the low point of the war for Britain. “The British people were weary,” writes Hastings, “especially of the defeats that seemed to be all that their bellicose prime minister could contrive.” Particularly humiliating were the surrenders of Singapore and Tobruk to inferior forces. Britain’s 8th Army remained on the defensive in Egypt, menaced by Rommel’s Afrika Korps, whose major difficulty was obtaining enough supplies from Europe. As Britain’s sole military possession between Gibraltar and Alexandria, Malta was vital, and its planes and submarines wreaked havoc on Axis merchant ships. Efforts to neutralize the island accelerated in 1942 when the Luftwaffe arrived to join Italy’s air force, dropping more bombs than it had on London during the Blitz. By summer, the island was devastated. British leaders debated whether or not Malta was worth defending, but Churchill had no doubts. As a result, on Aug. 10, 1942, 20,000 men and “the largest fleet the Royal Navy had committed to action since Jutland in 1916 entered the Mediterranean to fight an epic four-day battle.” Named Operation Pedestal, the mission aimed to protect 14 merchant vessels carrying desperately needed food and fuel. Vividly chronicling the sinking of the aircraft carrier Eagle, Hastings initiates 250 pages of gripping fireworks and insights that continue well past Aug. 15, when five battered merchantmen limped into Malta’s harbor. Real-world war is sloppier than the Hollywood version, even more so under the author’s gimlet eye. Heroism was in abundant supply but not universal. Through Hastings’ keen analysis we see how commanders on both sides showed as much bad judgment as intelligence. Belying Italy’s reputation for incompetence, its naval fleet inflicted more damage than Germany’s. Two months later, El Alamein and America’s North Africa landing took the pressure off Malta, again calling Pedestal’s sacrifices into question.

Another enthralling Hastings must-read.