HITLER

An expert on Nazi Germany delivers a massive new biography of arguably the most monstrous leader in history.

Longerich (Modern German History/Royal Holloway Univ. of London; Goebbels: A Biography, 2015, etc.) addresses the many biographies that have come before, notably by Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest, which tend to characterize Hitler as a loner and an outsider, a “nonperson.” In contrast, Longerich examines Hitler’s “autonomous role as an active politician” in shaping the policies of his party. “I argue…that critical turning points in Hitler’s policies cannot be seen as the result of external constraints and structural determinants but were the product of decisions he forced through in the face of resistance and significant retarding factors,” writes the author. After Hitler’s first three nondescript decades, the post–World War I depression gave way to fury and rage at the German defeat, and he found expression as a propagandist for the extreme right-wing German Workers’ Party. Emerging a “magnificent failure” from his botched putsch, trial, and imprisonment, he set about creating a public image and political program with Mein Kampf, articulating especially his anti-Semitism and the conquest of “living space” in Eastern Europe. Although he was appointed chancellor in January 1933, his party, writes Longerich, “still had no more than one-third of the electorate behind it,” and it took “great political skill” over the next 18 months to transform the government into a Hitler dictatorship. The author deftly shows how Hitler actively “steered the course of events”—e.g., neutralizing the left, removing basic rights, eliminating trade unions, asserting total Nazi control of all clubs and associations, and “sorting out” the role of the two churches. As the momentum of terror grew, so did the inner conflicts and inconsistencies. Yet these did not undermine Hitler’s rule; on the contrary, the often cited “chaos of offices,” the author notes, “strengthened his personal position” and “allowed him…to enforce his political will directly as an autocratic dictator.” Throughout, the author wears his impeccable scholarship lightly, creating a fresh picture of one of history’s most written-about subjects.

A Hitler biography unlikely to be surpassed for quite some time.