THE CHIEF RABBI'S FUNERAL

Revisiting the largest violent antisemitic incident in U.S. history.

Known as “Jacob the Sharp” for his wisdom, Jacob Joseph of Lithuania came to America in 1888 to serve as chief rabbi of New York City. He died in 1902, and his funeral cortege on July 30 of that year drew tens of thousands of mourners to the streets of Manhattan’s Lower East Side, home to many Jewish immigrants. As Seligman writes in his revealing history, when the procession passed the R. Hoe & Co. printing press factory, workers on the floors above pelted the mourners with “iron nuts and bolts, flat irons, screws, tools, bricks,” and more. Worse, arriving police officers “drew their billy clubs and started beating up Jews.” Hundreds suffered injuries. The resulting outrage compelled New York’s Jewish community to demand five investigations into police conduct, including the first citizens’ committee in the nation to investigate an ethnic riot. Seligman shows how popular revulsion to the horrific antisemitic violence unified New York City’s fractious Jewish community, the Russian and largely Orthodox newcomers downtown with the German and largely Reform Jews uptown. The author’s account portrays a Jewish community learning how and when to deploy its newfound political clout. He writes that the Anti-Defamation League reported that “2023 marked the high-water mark for antisemitic assaults, harassment, and vandalism” in the U.S.—there were 161 violent assaults in 2023. “Had the ADL been around and been counting, however, they would have exceeded that number on just one day in 1902.” Seligman’s retelling of this largely forgotten incident of anti-Jewish violence could hardly be more timely. In 2022, FBI Director Christopher Wray found that antisemitism fueled 63% of religious hate crimes in the U.S., though Jews make up only 2.4% of the population. The horrific 1902 riot does not seem so far in the past.

A valuable history of violent assault finds newfound relevance.